1 INTRODUCTION
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2 PRIVATE FORCES IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
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| · Private armed forces and global security |
·Medieval and early-modern private forces |
| · The state and lethal force |
· Mercenary companies |
| · Private Military Companies |
· The armies of rulers |
| · The debate about PMCs |
· Military entrepreneurs |
| · Challenges and opportunities |
· Militias and civilian self-defense |
| · Organization of the book |
·Private maritime forces in the age of empire |
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· The international charter system |
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· Overseas private armies |
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· Private navies |
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· Pirates |
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· Privateers |
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·The rise of the state and the decline of private forces |
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· The Thirty Years War |
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· The American War of Independence |
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· Contractors |
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· The French Revolution |
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· State terror and rebellion |
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· Police forces and mafia crime |
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· Monopolizing force |
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·The new age of private forces |
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· Postcolonial mercenaries in Africa |
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· The rise of guerrillas and terrorists |
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· Contractors in the Arabian Peninsula |
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· Cold War PMCs and beyond |
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3 PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES AND ADVERSE PRIVATE FORCES
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4 CONFLICT ENVIRONMENTS AND PRIVATE FORCES
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·Private Military Companies
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·Humanitarian crises and interventions
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| · The genesis of a scholarly theme |
· Weak states and low-intensity conflict |
| · Typologies of services |
· Beyond bipolarity |
| · A working definition of PMCs |
· The Blue Helmets at 50 |
| · Overlapping fields of commercial activity |
· PMCs as “force multipliers” |
| ·Private military personnel |
· Multilateral peacekeeping and reconstruction |
| · Military downsizing after the end of the Cold War |
· PMCs as “relief operators” |
| · The private military labor market |
· The time to privatize peace? |
| · Contractors or mercenaries? |
·Trade in dangerous places |
| ·Terrorists and rebels |
· Underdevelopment and international trade |
| · Terrorism: easy word, many problems |
· Remote oil and gas fields |
| · Acts and facets of terrorism |
· The oil curse |
| · What is al-Qaeda? |
· Gems and metals |
| · Rebels, insurgents, and guerrillas |
· Agribusiness |
| · What is the Taliban? |
· Food security |
| ·Organized crime |
· Shipping routes and piracy |
| · Contemporary piracy and pirates |
· PMCs as “commerce facilitators” |
| · Mafia groups and underworld forces |
·Homeland security |
| · Drug cartels and narco forces |
· The commoditization of terrorism |
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· The homeland security market |
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· International markets and organized crime |
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· PMCs as “security enhancers” and “defense operators” |
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5 THE PRIVATIZATION OF SECURITY: APPROACHES AND PROBLEMS
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6 CONCLUSIONS
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| ·Towards a new security architecture |
· Private military history, between evolution and randomness |
| · Neoliberalism and privatization |
· The mutating corporate environment and labor market |
| · The rise and decline of the bureaucratic model |
· Living in insecure times and a smaller world |
| · The new managerial strategy |
· A new security paradigm or rushed privatization? |
| · Private security as a quasi–public good |
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| · The privatization of security under NPM |
APPENDIXES
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| · The new management of security |
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| · The new managerial infrastructure |
I · World Map |
| · Security partnerships |
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| · Civil-military relations in the new millennium |
II Actors
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| · Managerial imperfections |
· Selected PMCs operating in Iraq in 2003-4 |
| ·The privatization of security away from the West |
· IPOA |
| · Weak states |
· International terrorist organizations |
| · Underdevelopment and privatization |
· Mexican drug trafficking organizations |
| · The convergence of security and development |
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| · Towards efficient security provision in weak states |
III Documents
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| · Adverse competition |
· Arms Export Control Act |
| ·Regulating the private military and security market |
· International Traffic in Arms Regulations |
| · Licensing mechanisms: AECA and ITAR |
· Uniformed Code of Military Justice |
| · Other acts and jurisdictions |
· Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act |
| · Accountability and oversight: UCMJ and MEJA |
· International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries |
| · An international impetus for regulation? |
· Montreux Document |
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· IPOA Code of Conduct |
| Selected Bibliography |
· International counter-terrorism instruments |
Index |
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